The Law Of Evidence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3326 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Biology Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Smooth muscle is one of three muscle fiber types found in animals. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are not striated, and have single nuclei. Smooth muscles are typically under control of the autonomic nervous system, and do not contract voluntarily. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Law Of Evidence" essay for you Create order Smooth muscle contracts slowly, and does not exhibit the characteristic twitch seen in skeletal muscle. In addition, smooth muscle is not prone to muscle fatigue, making it an ideal component of sphincter muscles. Smooth muscle is found in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals, and is responsible for peristaltic movements. Smooth muscle contractions are affected by calcium and potassium ions. Calcium ion influx into the smooth muscle cell initiates a contraction. Potassium ion concentration in the extra cellular medium affects the resting membrane potential of the cell, bringing it closer to or farther away from its threshold voltage. Neurotransmitters affect different types of smooth muscle differently, depending on the association of the smooth muscle with excitable cells. In general, acetylcholine increases the muscle cells permeability to calcium, while epinephrine decreases the cells permeability to calcium. Introduction and aim of the experiment The following report was to test a smooth muscle which was collected from the intestine of a rabbit. The main of this experiment was to see how the surrounding environment of the muscle could affect how muscle contracted. The experiment consisted of different environments and the muscle was monitored and results were recorded of the amplitude and the frequency of the wavelengths. The levels of muscle contractions and relaxations were measured using a transducer, a D.C amplifier, and a laboratory computer. Overview of experiment The smooth muscle was a small part of the intestine which was prepared correctly by trimming off the attached mesentery and fat. This experiment only required one piece of this smooth muscle and this was then placed into a beaker which was aerated and fed Ringer-Locke solution this is an aqueous solution containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is isotonic to animal tissues. The experiment only required one piece of small intes tine, which had the length of 2-3 cm long. The intestine was held in place with a tissue holder, and was attached to the transducer via a piece of string. The transducer detected contractions and relaxation of the muscle, and via the D.C amplifier showed on the computer the frequency and strength of the contractions and relaxations. The solution that the muscle was placed in was kept at the temperature of 37 Celsius apart from when the environment condition changed was the temperature. This type of setup is known as in vivo preparation. This preparation of the smooth intestine allows a precise control of the environmental conditions. Brief description of test carried out The test which was carried out had six parts to it. The first part of the experiment was to gain initial control of the muscle this was done by having optimum conditions for the smooth muscle so it could achieve a steady rate of contraction and relaxation. This was achieved by adding Ringer-Locke solution and keeping it aerated. By having this set up it allowed the muscle environment to be very closely met to the ideal body environment where the muscle would have a good contraction and relaxation rate. The muscle was left in this preparation until the readings on the computer were constant (about 4 minutes) the initial control was labelled using the comment bar. The next environment was non-aerated this meant to turn the air supply off which was coming to the bath where the muscle was held. Then the Ringer-Locke solution was removed from the bath and fresh Ringer-Locke solution was then placed into the bath. The reason for removing the old solution was to prevent any inaccurate readings as the solution could still have contained oxygen which would have affected the results. This part of the test was recorded after every 5, 10, 15 minutes and the results where inserted into a table. The main purpose of using this environment was to see what the muscle contractions and relaxations are when there is a lack of oxygen. This part of the experiment was again labelled on the comment bar. The next part of the experiment was to remove the Ringer-Locke solution and replace it with 50ml of glucose free solution and again results were recorded after every 5 ,10, 15 minutes and recorded into a table. The fourth different environment was change in temperature. The Ringer-Locke solution of 37 Celsius was replaced with a Ringer-Locke solution that was cooled to 4 Celsius. The purpose of this environment was to test the muscle activity in a cold environment and to analyse the effects. The fifth environment involved the use of calcium free solution this replaced the Ringer-Locke solution. This was analysed for 5 minutes to see how the muscle activity was affected. The final environment was to do with changes in the pH. The pH was changed from pH7 which is neutral to a different pH. The solution with different pH was prepared before hand and the purpose of this environment was to see what effect a pH change would have on the muscle activity. After each part of the experiment initial control was established before moving on to the next part the reason for this being to keep the muscle running properly before each part of the experiment and to cause less damage to the smooth muscle. Also each part of the experiment was labelled on the comment bar this was done to show each different part clearly so it was not confused. (Clear methods are shown in the printouts) Results table for my experiment Firstly the results achieved ere done by looking at the different graphs and to work out the amplitude for the graph the following was done: Example (Graph not related to report) To work out the amplitude of the graph recording two figures were recorded one being the peak of the wave and the other being the lowest part of the wave To work out the frequency for each part of the experiment the amount of waves were recorded in a minute time period. The frequency in this case was how many times the muscles contracted and relaxed in a minutes. The amplitude was the strength of each contraction and relaxing of the muscle. The maximum and minimum amplitudes were collected for each environment and recorded; the amplitude chosen was picked at random as well as the minute where the frequency of waves was calculated. These are results are shown in the table below: Environments Frequency per Minute (min-1) Amplitude 1 Amplitude 2 Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Initial control 15 2.10 0.78 1.96 0.65 Non aerated 5 Mins 13 1.94 0.47 1.89 0.38 Non aerated 10 Mins 17 1.53 0.36 1.51 0.38 Non aerated 15 Mins 16 1.58 0.38 1.54 0.36 Lack of glucose 5 mins 17 1.34 0.47 1.49 0.41 Lack of glucose 10 mins 17 1. 51 0.43 1.52 0.45 Lack of glucose 15 mins 17 1.37 0.45 1.43 0.46 Cold ringer solution 5 Mins 14 1.76 0.44 1.73 0.51 Calcium Lack 5 Mins 12 1.15 0.63 .95 0.47 Change of pH Flat No waves Discussion of results Firstly a diagram of the intestine is needed to show how it works and what different types of cells it contains. This is needed as it will help to understand why the muscle behaved differently when tested with six different environments. A diagram of the small intestine is shown below; The small intestine contains the 4 basic layers which are serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. Small intestine wall is composed of the same four layers that make up most of the gastrointestinal tract: serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. The mucosa is composed of a layer of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. The epithelial layer of the small intestinal musoca consists of simple columnar epithelium that contains many types of cells. Some of these are the following: Enetrocytes these help with the transport of substances from lumen of the intestine to the circulatory system, synthesis of the glycoprotein enzymes needed for terminal digestion and absorption. Gob let cells these are unicellular mucin also known as secreting glands. Paneth cells these are located at the bottom of the intestinal glands. Their main function is their secretion of granules which contain lysozyme this enzyme helps breakdown bacteria also known as phagocytosis. Paneth cells may have a role in regulating the microbial population in the small intestine. Enteroendocrine cells these are mostly found again in the lower parts of the intestinal gland known as the crypt. The main function of these cells is to release several hormones. The main one beings cholecystokinin, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide these help increase pancreatic and gallbladder activity. Intermediate cells these are young enterocytes and goblet cell which are able to withstand cell division. Apart from the smooth muscle many other cells and vessels make up the intestine. The small intestine also contains submucosal artery and vein, lymphatic vessel, submucosal plexus, circular l ayer of smooth muscle, and myenteric plexus. All these tissues, cells, and vessel combine to make the small intestine wall. The smooth muscle in the control environment was able to obtain a steady frequency through out its 4 minute period with 15 waves per minute. The waves which were seen were the smooth muscle contracting and relaxing. The amplitude levels of the waves were both quite high showing strong contractions rate the reason for this was that the environment set was to ideal conditions where the muscle could perform its best. It had a max amplitude of 2.10 and min amplitude of 0.78 which shows that having ideal conditions the muscle is able to behave normally without any problems. The effect of oxygen lack of the smooth muscle cause the small intestine to increase the frequency, at 5 minutes no aerated the frequency had first dropped to 13 and after 15 minutes the frequency of contraction and relaxations had increased to 17 the reason or this being without oxygen the smooth muscles started to have spasms as it was unable to contract properly without the oxygen supply needed. Also the amplitude levels decreased quite quickly from 1.94 (max) and 0.47(min) at 5 minutes to 1.58(max) and 0.38 (min) at 15 minutes. The reason for this was that without oxygen the muscle was unable to make the energy needed for strong contractions as the peak is lowered as can be seen on the traces. This was detected by the pull on the string that was attached to the transducer; the pull was not as strong so this was recorded on the traces. So without oxygen the muscle cells are still able to make ATP but a small amount. Only about 2 ATP are produced per molecule of glucose in glycolysis. If there is no oxygen present, the Pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes fermentation to regenerate the NAD+ used in glycolysis. This is known as anaerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration generates only two ATPs, and lactic acid is produced. Most lactic acid diffuses out of the cell and into the bloodstream and is subsequently absorbed by the liver. Some of the lactic acid remains in the muscle fibers, where it contributes to muscle fatigue. Because both the liver and muscle fibers must convert the lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when oxygen becomes available, anaerobic respiration is said to produce oxygen debt The next part of the experiment was to test how the muscle activity differed when placed in glucose free solution. From this part of the test the frequency of muscle activity stayed consistent throughout the 15 minutes. The traces show consistent movement and also the amplitudes levels differed as at 5 minutes (1.34) the maximum amplitude was low then at 10 minutes (1.51) it wet higher and at 15 minutes (1.37) it decreased again to a similar figure which was at 5 minutes. By looking at this result the results are not as accurate as they should have been, meaning they may have been some kind of inaccuracy when following the method as without glu cose, ATP can not be made and the amplitude of the waves should have been lower. ATP can be made from glucose which is stored in the carbohydrate glycogen. Through the metabolic process of glycogenolysis, glycogen is broken down to release glucose. ATP is then generated from glucose by cellular respiration. Also ATP can be produced from glucose and fatty acids obtained from the bloodstream. When energy requirements are high, glucose from glycogen stored in the liver and fatty acids from fat stored in adipose cells and the liver are released into the bloodstream. Glucose and fatty acids are then absorbed from the bloodstream by muscle cells. ATP is then generated from these energy-rich molecules by cellular respiration. Without glucose the frequecny should hve increased but the amplitudes levels should have decreased as there was not a sufficient energy source which could supply the muscle so it could contract and relax. The next part of the experiment consisted of placing the smooth muscle into a cooled solution of 4 Celsius from a change of 37 Celsius. There was not much change to the frequency but it did drop a little bit due to the muscle not being used to these environmental conditions. The amplitude differed from the control readings as they had decreased but were still quite high as they had the nutrients in the solutions which helped them to contract. If this experiment was left to carry on then there would be further change as the solution would gradually heat up to room temperature and this would mean that the smooth muscle activity would increase. Calcium plays a big part in all muscle contraction as well as smooth muscle contraction which is different as it does not contain troponin. In smooth muscles calcium ions enter from outside the cell. They then bind to an enzyme complex on myosin; this then breaks up ATP into ADP and then transfers the Pi directly into myosin. By doing this it allows the myosin to activate and from cross ridges with actin. When the calcium is pumped out of the cell, the Pi gets removed from myosin by an enzyme this allows the myosin to become inactive and the smooth muscle is able to relax. This process is also known as myosin regulated contraction. In the experiment where calcium free solution was added it affected the smooth muscle immensely as the frequency of contracting and relaxing dropped to 12. Also the amplitude levels came down as the contractions and relaxations levels were not strong the max being 0.95 and the minimum being 0.47 if this was left for a longer period of time the frequency levels may have dropped more. Without calcium entering the cell the smooth muscle is unable to do the process which is described above. While making the Ringer-Locke solution it is not only the calcium ions which are important to the smooth muscles. Some others are potassium chloride and sodium chloride, the reason these ions are needed because it helps to portray an environment such as the body with ideal conditions. If only distilled water was used it would mean the cells in the muscles would up take the water and blow up. So these ions are used so they are able to keep a concentration gradient and allow everything to work correctly as it would in the smooth muscles natural environment. The final environment was the change in pH levels. The results showed that the muscle had stopped functioning and there was no reading on the traces. This meant that there was no muscle contraction or relaxing. The reason for this was the muscle had broken down the reason for this muscle fatigue was that the low pH had affected the smooth muscle as it was unable to perform in this type of environment. Also as the low pH solution was there for a certain period of time the muscle was unable to remove it and therefore caused the muscle to breakdown. The low pH may have affected the sarcoplasmic reticulum which may lead to the interfere of the intercellular calcium concentrations, this can lead to long term physical muscle damage as muscle fibers are affected. While preparing the isolated smooth muscle many precautions are taken so the muscle can avoid excessive pH changes. One of these precautions which are taken is to make sure that before inserting the small intestine into the bath. The solution will need to be tested with pH indicator test strips which will give a fairly accurate reading of the solution which the smooth muscle will be placed. This is very important as if the pH is incorrect it will mean that the smooth muscle will not perform to its full potential meaning the results achieved will be inaccurate. To gain accurate results all solutions which are used will need to be checked to see if they are the correct pH by using the ph indicating strips. After this test the smooth muscle was unable to reach the control again as the muscle had broken down. If this experiment was done again at room temperature the results would differ as the performance of t he muscle would decrease. This is because the optimum temperature inside the body is around 37 Celsius and this temperature allows the muscle to work at an optimum rate. The lower temperature will mean that muscle contraction will be slower as there will be an effect on enzyme reactions as the more heat there is the more kinetic energy there is this will mean that the muscle activity will be good. If acetylcholine was added to the solution bath of the smooth muscle the membrane potential would decrease and the frequency of waves would increase. The muscle will become more active, with an increase in tonic tension and the number of rhythmic contractions. The effect is mediated by enzymes which increases the intracellular Calcium concentration. Another substance which could have been added was adrenaline. Adrenaline allows blood to flow more easily to your muscles. This means that more oxygen is carried to your muscles by the extra blood, which allows your muscles to function at el evated levels. Adrenaline also facilitates the conversion of the bodys fuel source (glycogen) into its fuel (glucose). This carbohydrate gives energy to muscles, and a sudden burst of glucose also allows muscles to strengthen further. Skeletal and smooth muscle muscles differences in structure and function There are many differences between the two types of muscles the differences are stated below: Snmooth muscles Skeletal muscle A smooth muscle fiber has no T tubules, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum forms a loose network throughout the sarcoplasm. Are long cyrindrical cells that contain many nuclei Smooth muscle tissue has no myofibrils or sarcomeres They are striated this shows their precise alignments of their myofilaments. This tissue also has no striations and is called nonstriated muscle. Thick filaments consist of myosin as thin filaments consist mostly of actin. Thick filaments are scattered throughout the sarcoplasm of a smooth muscle cell Each independent cell is stimulated by a motor neurone. Adjacent smooth muscle cells are bound together at dense bodies, transmitting the contractile forces from cell to cell throughout the tissue. Connective endomysium seprates cell Function Differences Smooth muscles cells are an involuntary action and can work slower so they do not have muscle fatigue. Skeletal Muscle contains both Fast Slow Twitch muscle fibers, that allow for a faster reaction where needed, and the opposite is true for the Slow as well Smooth muscle lines your arteries and airways and serves to contract or relax to help control blood pressure. skeletal muscles function almost continuously to maintain your posture making one tiny adjustment after another to keep your body upright They are also present in the iris of the eye to control the size of the pupil in response to light. By the use of the radial and circular muscle. Skeletal muscle is also important for holding your bones in the correct position and prevents your joints from dislocating. Some skeletal muscles in your face are directly attached to your skin They line the GI tract to move foodthrough the intestines. This is done by peristalsis. Skeletal muscle generates heat as a by-pr oduct of muscle activity. This heat is vital for maintaining your normal body temperature.

E Commerce Is The Backbone Of Modern Global Markets

INTRODUCTION E Commerce has changed the economy of the world since the first ‘online shopping’ system called Videotex was created in 1979 by Michael Aldrich using a 26† domestic TV (Aldricharchive.com, 2015). It has even shaped society itself, changing people’s shopping habits and how the entire landscape of business operates. E-commerce is the backbone of modern global markets from business to business (B2B) companies such as IBM and Microsoft with a total brand value bordering on $200,000M (McGreal, 2014), to local independent business to consumer (B2C) shops with a simple website they use to sell their products. THE IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE LOCALLY As recently as just 15 years ago, the majority of small independent businesses only needed to worry about competitors locally on the other side of town. There were other methods of sale such as telephone, yet it was still time-consuming and difficult at times. Furthermore, it was difficult to get even a small business started as it required such a large initial investment and advertising was not as readily accessible as it is now. Travelling was also essential â€Å"81% of small businesses that had an online presence during last year’s holiday season reached new customers† (http://www.DBWebDoctor.com, 2015). Now, the internet allows them to reach out to customers they never could with just physical premises, and boost sales significantly if they use it right Even individuals can now market their more specialists items andShow MoreRelatedWhat Is E-Commerce Is Vercing Business To Business?999 Words   |  4 Pageslast decade, mobile apps are enhancing business to business (B2B) and business to customer (B2C) collaborations. It is the age that e-commerce is inevitable for every entity that seeks to connect with its customers and trading partners alike. In this context, the business is seeking to assess the suitability of creating an app for its customers to use. This e-commerce collaboration model will fall under the B2C category. B2C applicants are specifically designed for developed to help entities in maintainingRead MoreThe Financial Sector Is A Crucial Part Of Society s Critical Infrastructure Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe financial sector is a crucial part of society’s c ritical infrastructure. Commerce drives our daily functions in acquiring necessities as well as desires. The debate for what is a necessity versus desire is not my point, but the reliance we have on the financial sector in order to function is. Since the days of bartering have been replaced with a monetary system in addition to technological advances, we have become as dependent upon the financial system as we are on oxygen. Accumulation ofRead MoreImpact of E-Commerce in India5599 Words   |  23 PagesENABLING E-COMMERCE IN INDIA Amarjit Singh Department of Computer Science, HP University Shimla, India aj_singh_6@yahoo.co.uk M.P.Thapliyal Department of Computer Science,HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar(Garhwal), Uttaranchal, India mathuraprasad1@rediffmail.com M.M.S.Rauthan Department of Computer Science,HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar(Garhwal), Uttaranchal, India mms_rauthan@yahoo.com D.K.Joshi Department of Computer Science, Amravati university, Amravati (Maharashtra), India Dine_joshi@rediffmailRead MoreThe Effects Of Poor Infrastructures On Nigerian Government Parastatals2148 Words   |  9 Pageseffect of the global fluidity of finance capital, the growth of foreign direct investment, and the emergence of global corporations have greatly undermined the economic and political sovereignty of states--especially the poor ones. It must be emphasized that the so-called globalized world is riddled with imperfections. Information Technology: uses computers, which have become indispensable in modern societies to process data and to save time. The use of computers is so pervasive to modern developmentRead MoreOnline Banking in Bangladesh6399 Words   |  26 Pagesalso consider the positive sides. Internet Banking has created a revolution and it has a significant role to play in enhancing the banking sector. 2.3 The history of internet banking in Bangladesh The Internet came late in Bangladesh, with UUCP e-mail beginning in 1993 and IP connectivity in 1996. By July 1997 there were an estimated 5,500 IP and UUCP accounts (Press, L., 1999) in the country and by the end of 2000 it has been forecasted that the account holder could reach more than 50,000 throughRead MoreEmerging Trends and Challenges in Banking2333 Words   |  10 PagesPUNITH, B.S ***Mr. THIPPESHA, M One Day National Conference on Innovations amp; research in commerce amp; management SSIBM, Tumkur-05 Topic: â€Å"NEW TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN BANKING† *Faculty member, DOS in commerce, Davangere university. Shivagangothri, Davangere. **student. M.COM 2nd year , DOS in commerce, Davangere university. Shivagangothri, Davangere. ***student. M COM 2nd year, DOS in commerce, Davangere university. Shivagangothri, Davangere. â€Å"Emerging Trends in Banking – ChallengesRead MoreHistory of Internet10240 Words   |  41 PagesHISTORY OF COMPUTERS AND THE INTERNET OUTLINE 1B MODULE Steps Toward Modern Computing 31 First Steps: Calculators 31 The Technological Edge: Electronics 31 Putting It All Together: The ENIAC 36 The Stored-Program Concept 36 The Computer’s Family Tree 37 The First Generation (1950s) 37 The Second Generation (Early 1960s) 38 The Third Generation (Mid-1960s to Mid-1970s) 39 The Fourth Generation (1975 to the Present) 41 A Fifth Generation? 44 The Internet Revolution 45 Lessons Learned 48 Read MoreUsing Porter’s Value Chain Framework, Explain How Technology Can Help an Organisation to Gain a Competitive Advantage1967 Words   |  8 Pagesof technology so as to provide an effective as well as efficient customer service. Technology by many organizations has been referred to as a backbone of the organization operating in the modern business environment. Each every organization is using technology in some or the other form so as to increase the efficiency of the enterprise. In today’s global as well as ever changing busines s environment, investing in technology would be referred to as one of the most important aspect to provide competitiveRead MoreE-Governance in Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects2295 Words   |  10 PagesE-Governance in Bangladesh: Problems and Prospects 1. Introduction An emerging concept, e-governance has become trendy since mid 1990s around the world, with various moves by the governments integrating information and communication technologies in the public sector management and in the process of delivering services for citizens. The policy makers of the developed countries envisioned that new developments in ICT and especially the TCP/IP protocol would pay a significant contribution in achievingRead MoreIndia s An Indian Economy1488 Words   |  6 Pagesmanufacturing base by setting up the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) in 2004. In 2006, it came up with an objective to raise the share of manufacturing in GDP to 35% by 2015. It was not very successful because of the rigid labor market institutions, regulatory burden and also the lack of political and administrative will to implement some of the reforms that have been announced. Hence, the factors describe the reasons behind the crippled growth story Industrial Sector. The Make

Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Practices

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Practices. Answer: Introduction Strategic analysis helps in the in-depth analysis of an organization for understanding its strategic position. It also helps in searching for the answers that arise in the internal environment of an organization like the inquiry about the present business environment, what are the available options and the process to develop the competencies for meeting the changes in the environment of the business. These questions help the organization to match its development and growth objectives with the existing reality of the environment of business (Rothaermel 2015). The decisions should be based on close analysis of the markets and products and not on blind optimism to match the reality with the objectives of the organization (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). This assignment will conduct the strategic case analysis of a large company based in UAE named Almarai for providing the company with the recommendations for improved long-term performance. Almarai is a public food industry that was established in 1977 in partnership with the Irish agri-foods. Almarai is regarded as the worlds largest vertically integrated dairy company with the products like dairy, juices, yogurt, infant formula, poultry and bakeries in UAE (Cummins 2016). The company underwent a drastic business change in 2005 as it transformed from a privately owned company to a company that is publicly listed with over 70,000 shareholders. A further investigation of the strategic analysis of the organization will be conducted in the commencing sections of the assignment (Sahoo 2016). Strategic analysis of the organization Political- Almarai is affected to a great extent by the import law and governments relations with foreign countries. Government regulations and policies regarding agricultural products have impacted the decisions of farmers to keep livestock sufficient to meet the needs of e company. The agreement on the Health Check has led to the obligation of abolishing UAE milk quotas in 2015. The agreement has also put forward measures for preparing the UAE dairy product industry for the situation. Any deal to be made must be unbiased and has to consider UAEs interest, especially in relation to agriculture (Nagy 2016). Economic- better standard of living, growing level of population and altering dietary prototype in UAE have lead to increase in food demand. However, prices are found to have fallen after a time frame of record commodity prices in early 2008 and early 2007. This fall in prices is crucial since the world economy is found to be facing a major downturn as a result of an amalgamation of adverse macroeconomic factors. Nevertheless, the medium-term projection for dairy products are good, and this is vital for the profitability of almarai (Sadi 2014). Social- the average size of dairy farms in UAE is 48.7 hectares. The age report of dairy producers indicates that it is the youngest of any farm in UAE. The majority population of the dairy farmers is of age less than 35 years. This implies that there is a scope of expectation for dairy food product companies, like almarai, as there are more chances of adopting new technologies in the farms, bringing benefits to the companies. Attitudes towards health complications, like obesity, can have a negative impact on the sales of dairy food products (Kumar and Prabhakar 2013). Technological- there is a need to bring developments in the product mix of almarai in order to combat the competitive pressure in relation to decrease in prices of food products and removal of price supports. Research and development would help the company in attaining a lesser level of dependency on low margin commodity products. It would also be a help to give emphasis on higher value added products (Aldosari and Atkins 2015). Environmental- almarai depends heavily on livestock and therefore the health and availability of livestock are a major concern for the company. Epidemics, plagues and other form of diseases affect livestock in UAE. Any such case of concern reduces the productivity of the company. Climatic conditions are a major influencing factor for the success of the product lines of food companies. As UAE is a warm country, the frozen products are successful (Pooch 2015). Legal- prices of food are found to be rising in the country in the recent past as a result of monopolistic activities by import facets. The liberalizing trade actions encompass 12 different sectors, including food product industry. Compliance of laws in relation to product labeling and advertising is crucial for Almarai as it produces dairy food products. It also needs to refrain from false claims regarding advertising. Food regulation bodies would have a role in the operations of the company. The products need to have nutritional information and specification of allergic products on them as a mandate of law (Tajkarimi, Ibrahim and Fraser 2013). Five-force analysis Bargaining power of suppliers- More diversification of the distribution channels implies that a single distributor will have less bargaining power. Almarai is considered as a difficult qualitative factor, and as a result, the competing institutions would be having a smooth time while overcoming it. Suppliers, when are dependent on high volumes, gives rise to less bargaining power since a producer can cut volumes and reduce the profit of the supplier. This process has the possibility to positively impact the organization. The factor that high level of completion between the possible suppliers leads to a reduction of prices to producers is a positive aspect for the organization (Eden and Ackermann 2013). Bargaining power of customers- when buyers are not much sensitive to prices there is an increase in the prices. Inelastic demand has a positive impact on the organization as there would be a reduction in costs. Since the customers cherish the products of Almarai, they would end up paying more for the products that are valuable to them. Leverage of limited bargaining promotes the profits of the organization. Limited buyer choice has a positive impact on the organization as customers provided with limited choices end up paying more for those that are available. Intensity of existing rivalry-government policies and set of regulations have the capacity to dictate the competition level of the industry, including this particular organization. Limited competition is beneficial for Almarai and adds to the value of the organisation. Almarai has a large industry size, and this permits multiple producers and firms, paving the way for prosperity without any need for stealing market share from other companies. There are few competitors of the company who compete for the similar resources and customers. This is, therefore, a beneficial factor for the organization (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). The threat of substitutes- there are an inadequate number of substitutes for Almarai, implying that the customers do not have the opportunity to find other similar services and products fulfilling the needs they have in relation to the products they use. A limited number of substitutes is a high qualitative aspect that cannot be easily defended and competing companies would, therefore, have a tough time overcoming it. The threat of new competitors- weak distribution networks means that the expense to move around is more, and there is a chance that some goods may not get to the customers. Almarai has a strong distribution network that positively impacts the company. Customers are loyal to the branding Almarai has. The company has spent resources to build this strong brand, and this has resulted in fewer resources to compete for. The company has high capital requirements. This implies that the company needs to invest in huge amounts for competing in the present globalized market. The company has high sink costs that make it difficult for any competitor to enter the market in an effective manner. Almarai has a strong brand name that has been established over the years. Competitors of the company will therefore have to improve their branding if they want to have a strong competition with this company. Advanced technologies applied by the operations of the organization are a highly advantageous factor that the competitors need to build up (people.stern.nyu.edu 2016). SWOT analysis Strengths- Almarai has a multiple numbers of positive aspects that make the company an emergent leader in the industry it belongs to. The company has a robust and professional management team that can handle any critical challenge when it poses a threat to the profit of the company. The well recognized and strong branding is another point of strength for the company. The company has diversified products, like bakery and fruit juices, which make it appealing to the consumers. The company bears high average yield per resource used, bringing in benefit to the company. Committed investments in high-class dairy farming, integrated set-up, state-of-the-art processing units together with a strong network of distribution make up the most remarkable features of the operations of the company. The company focuses on innovation of new products and the packaging process, resulting in increased coverage. Extreme climatic conditions support the high consumption of liquids, thereby increasing the sa les of the liquid products. The huge population base translates into huge demand in the local area. The reduced labor costs, skilled workforce, experienced business setups, high rate of growth, higher operating margins are the other strengths of the company (Johnson et al. 2013). Weaknesses- one of the significant weaknesses of almarai is the high business operations concentration in the Riyadh region. The balance sheet of the company is moderately leveraged, implying an issue to be given immediate attention. Outside Saudi Arabia, there is no provision for production facilities set up by the company. This limits the chances of expansion outside Saudi Arabia. The turnover ratio of employees is unsystematic and high, reported at around 155. This has a negative impact on the company. The sector that the company operates in is highly reliant on emigrant labours. It also depends on to a large extent on the import of feed stocks and raw materials (Serkin 2015). Opportunities- increasing market share proves to be a good opportunity for the company to gain more profits in future. The company can consider venturing into product lines it has not got involved into yet. Geographic expansion of the companys operations to the Middle East and North African countries would be a positive step taken for bringing benefits to the company at large. The company must emphasize on the development of the fruit juice and dairy products as a drastic change in the consumer behavior is noticed in the recent past. Consumers are becoming highly health conscious, and this would likely increase the demand for health-conscious food products (Lasserre 2012). Threats- appreciation of major currencies, including Euro, can lead to the increase of feed stock cost, thereby translating into lower margins. The reason for this is that Saudi Riyal is pegged to the dollar. Government restrictions, when imposed on the price of retail foods, become a threat to the profitability of the company. The company suffers low margins on sales with hypermarkets and supermarkets contributing around 20% of the revenues. Possible loss of investment as a result of a failure of Zain KSA operations adds to the threats the company has. Rising costs of raw materials, growing competition and changes in price are the other threats the company suffers (Mahajan 2012). Stakeholder analysis Almarai is one of the largest food and beverage manufacturer and distributor in Middle East. Individuals, groups or organizations are affected by what an organization does. The effect may be on that particular organization as well. In this manner they are said to have an interest or stake in the decisions of the organization. Stakeholders are both internal and external who together help in having a smooth functioning of the operations of the organizations. The internal stakeholders of Almarai include the employees of the organization at all levels and managers and supervisors. The external stakeholders include the standard agencies, the government, the customers, and the local community in which the organization operates. One of the most important internal stakeholder groups for Almarai is the employees. The food industry depends on expertise people able to manufacture food products that are hygienic and good quality. Keeping in mind the importance of the employees the company promot es better job security, training program and other beneficial initiatives. Stakeholder engagement is enhanced by strategic consultancy, design initiatives and content development. Ethical values cover all stakeholders; those are the shareholders, consumers and employers. Values are based on transparency, fairness, respect, integrity and trust (Grain 2012). Addressing competitive advantages: innovation, quality, efficiency and customer responsiveness The four main building blocks of competitive advantage are innovation, quality, efficiency and customer responsiveness. These four factors when considered together with each other creates value and generates high profitability for the organization (Hatch and Howland 2015). Almarai needs to give emphasis on all the four factors as an amalgamation for getting the best benefits and having a sustained competitive advantage. The efficiency of Almarai can be increased by having a standardized process, thereby boosting the productivity of the employee. The economics of the scale in purchasing would also be boosted by a standardized process. Both of these would be an advantage to the company by lowering the costs. Standardized processes also would help in ensuring reliable quality. The quality of food sold by almarai is reliably dependable. It needs to bring improvement in the quality of food in order to maintain the value for customers. The company needs to take steps for raising the percei ved quality of the food by using milk that is reliable in its quality. Customer responsiveness can be demonstrated by the shift towards healthier meals. A decision to offer drinks of more high quality would also draw attention of the customers. Innovation in the food products can be brought through a strong research and development process. The company needs to build up a more efficient research and development team for gathering valuable research data from food industry across the world and incorporating them in its own production process (Katsioloudes and Abouhanian 2016). Strategic alliances beneficial of the organization Almarai must continue to see out relationships with other agencies and partners that can be a source of enhancement and growth for the organization. The company must seek eligible partners who are aligned with the mission and vision of Almarai and are committed to the enrichment of the consumers served by almarai. It is desirable that the company works closely with the farmers, livestock producers, suppliers at a regional collaborative platform. Positive change can be driven by working closely with the strategic partners (Khan et al. 2013). Fuller et al. (2016) outline the means by which strategic alliances can be made strong. First, early meaningful accomplishments are crucial for cross-partner team unity and morale. Second, it is significant to develop objectives that are out of the box. Thirdly, agencies need to have cost expectations that are realistic. Lastly, it is necessary to undertake only the critical few alliances for driving success. By these methods, the organization can continue to remain the efficient and lean organization it is that is effective in minimizing the duplication with regional bodies. Globalization as applied to the organization The world has witnessed significant changes since the beginning of the 21st century and last decade has seen the rapid transformation in technology, money, ideas and tastes of consumers due to globalization. Globalization is making an impact on all industries as it brings along opportunities, challenges and competition. To overcome the coming challenges and embrace the opportunities, industries must respond swiftly to the changes. For Almarai, globalization implies how effectively it embraces new things and responds to possible approaches and solutions to challenges for remaining competitive. In order to be on the safer side, the company needs to adjust the ways thing are done, the production and resources used. Reorganization of the operations would be a good move to remain in pace with globalization. Food products are to be manufactured that meet the value chain demands, the shift of consumer choices and preferences and enhanced consumer consciousness. Centralized, efficient and mo dernized dairy farming would drive the efficiency of the company. The environment footprint of farms is to be reduced. Using advanced technology for packaging and processing would drive down costs but maintain good food safety levels. The needs of the consumers are to be understood, and food products are to be made for meeting their needs (Grunert and Traill 2012). Major problems faced by the company and possible challenges in future According to Kapferer (2012), the food manufacturing industry is the largest industry in the world at present. The food industry is facing many challenges at the present time, the main issues being powerful retailers, fickle consumers, stringent food safety regulations and more. The biggest challenge that the company faces is from the consumers side. Consumers are avoiding the centre of store products at large in the recent times. This becomes an issue for traditional packaged food companies like Almarai. Consumers are wanting what they feel are healthier products (de Boer and Schsler 2016). Food companies like almarai have been suffering a dip in sales as consumers find it beneficial to buy less from the center store shelves. Consumers feel that fresh products are to be consumed more and therefore they thrive to buy food products after judging some parameters. Consumers are not focused on purchasing food products that are fit for their diet as before. The present scenario reflects t hat consumers are conscious of taking food products that enable them to cut down their calories and fat. They are now motivated to buy those products that are aligned with the well-being and health. This includes avoiding products with artificial ingredients. Almarai has the challenge of adapting to this trend and withstands the pressure of bringing changes in the types of products it manufactures. Major organizations across the world, like WHO and FDA, are moving out against the high sugar intake by the general population. They are recommending less calorie intake for health benefits and avoiding the chances of major health complications. The consumers are therefore avoiding foods that are high in sugar (Saguy 2016). The issue faced by the company is that many food products of Almarai have high sugar content. The challenge for the company is to continue producing sweet products that are not high on sugar content. Almarai is facing a challenge in bringing new products to the market that align with the emerging trends of the consumers within a specific time frame. There is a need to create new and relevant products and move them through research and development, testing process and marketing for retailing them on an effective basis. The main concern is that by the time some of the products are out in the market, the trends may be found to be changing. In addition, companies need to think about the designing and packaging of the products as for making them more appropriate and convenient for consumption. Consumer is moving away from the traditional way of having meals, and Almarai may have a major challenge in adopting to similar innovations in the near future. Almarai can be facing competition from more supple companies, making it difficult to stand out in the market. Conclusion The global demand for food products, especially dairy products is increasing, and the industry is expected to grow in the coming years. In order to maintain its supremacy in this industry, Almarai must take up certain measures that would help it maintain its position in the market. Almarai must boost its sales and focus on increasing its customer loyalty. The supply chain must improve its effectiveness and efficiency. Global competitiveness can be built by making the supply chain work together for adding values to the products. Together retailers, processers, and farmers must build strong relationships that are based on evenhanded value creation. The performances of the concerned departments are to be measured in terms of environmental sustainability. Technical efficiency improvement can be beneficial for the production of almarai. The company needs to be more responsive to the ever-changing needs of the consumers. More collaboration with the concerned stakeholders would also be a be neficial step for the organization. Almarai is always known to be leading the way for production innovation as it has emerged as a leader who can control the large market share in the area of operations. The belief of business analysts is that the company is commended to apply three branched strategies as reflected through the growth initiatives. Expanding business outside Saudi Arabia can have a possibility of challenges to operate successfully in those markets. Nevertheless, since the company has a strong brand value and ability to remain a market leader, the company can be surely said to be well positioned and ready for taking up challenges and emerging as a leader. The company has adopted several profit maximizing and growth-oriented initiatives in the past, compelling analysts to have a positive overview of the company. References Aldosari, A. and Atkins, J., 2015. A study of corporate social responsibility disclosure practices in Saudi Arabia. Cummins, S. (2016).First hand experience on Saudi's largest dairy farm - Almarai - Agriland. [online] agriland.ie. Available at: https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/first-hand-experience-on-saudis-largest-dairy-farm-almarai/ [Accessed 11 Dec. 2016]. de Boer, J. and Schsler, H., 2016. Food and value motivation: Linking consumer affinities to different types of food products.Appetite,103, pp.95-104. Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013.Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Fuller, G.W., 2016.New food product development: from concept to marketplace. CRC Press. Grain 2012.The great food robbery: how corporations control food, grab land and destroy the climate. Fahamu/Pambazuka. Grunert, K.G. and Traill, B., 2012.Products and process innovation in the food industry. Springer Science Business Media. Hatch, N.W. and Howland, C., 2015, January. When Does Competitive Advantage Improve Customer Welfare?. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 18091). Academy of Management. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Scholes, K., Angwin, D. and RegnÃ… ½r, P., 2013.Exploring Strategy Text Cases. Pearson Higher Ed. Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Katsioloudes, M. and K Abouhanian, A. (2016).The Strategic Planning Process: Understanding Strategy in Global Markets. 1st ed. Khan, R.S., Grigor, J., Winger, R. and Win, A., 2013. Functional food product developmentOpportunities and challenges for food manufacturers.Trends in food science technology,30(1), pp.27-37. Kumar, R. and Prabhakar, R.K., 2013. Opportunities and challenges in Indian dairy industry supply chain: A literature review.International Journal of Logistics Supply Chain Management Perspectives,2(4), p.791. Lasserre, P. (2012).Global strategic management. 1st ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Mahajan, V., 2012.The Arab World Unbound: Tapping Into the Power of 350 Million Consumers. John Wiley Sons. Nagy, P., 2016. 0918 Camel milk from commodity to added value product. The science behind the development of the camel dairy industry.Journal of Animal Science,94(supplement5), pp.442-442. people.stern.nyu.edu. (2016). [online] Available at: https://people.stern.nyu.edu/adamodar/pc/blog/Almarai/AlmaraiAnnualReport.pdf [Accessed 11 Dec. 2016]. Pooch, D., 2015. Miraka dairy factory-a unique development.Food New Zealand,15(3), p.10. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Sadi, M.A., 2014. Marketing trends and future challenges: A review of dairy industry in Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Dairy Technology,67(4), pp.459-466. Saguy, I.S., 2016. Challenges and opportunities in food engineering: Modeling, virtualization, open innovation and social responsibility.Journal of Food Engineering,176, pp.2-8. Sahoo, S. (2016).Saudi dairy company Almarai to trim annual investment | The National. [online] thenational.ae. Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/business/retail/saudi-dairy-company-almarai-to-trim-annual-investment [Accessed 11 Dec. 2016]. Serkin, G., 2015.Frontier: exploring the top ten emerging markets of tomorrow. John Wiley Sons. Tajkarimi, M., Ibrahim, S.A. and Fraser, A.M., 2013. Food safety challenges associated with traditional foods in Arabic speaking countries of the Middle East.Trends in food science technology,29(2), pp.116-123.

Unitel Telecommunication Company Managing Dynamic Environments

Questions: Explain the role of HRM in executing the business strategy at Unitel. Identify key issues relating to the introduction of the new corporate strategy by Unitel senior management. Propose some potential solutions to the problems relating to the introduction of the new corporate strategy at Unitel. Discuss how Unitel may benefit from using four (4) human resource management practices (covered throughout the BUSM3201 course) to improve organisational performance at Unitel. Answers: Executive summary The effectiveness of the human resource management increases the productivity for the company. Policies for human management includes better pay, incentive plans, and providing better work culture to the employees of the company. The process to hire or fire employees for the company has to be simplified as this will help in improving the production activities for the management. In this process, it is essential to analyse some of the determinant factors that can directly affect the performance of the policies drafted by the HRM. The rules include analysing the risk factors, determining the level of competition, ownership, and implementing the right type of regulations. The production and the performance of the company depend upon the methods that have been chosen by the management. In order to simplify the process, it is essential to collect the relevant data and analyse the same. This will help in determining the best possible option that will cater the needs of the company. Introduction This report has been prepared on Unitel Telecommunication Company. The company renders quality services to most of the Asia Pacific regions. It was privatised in the year 1990. Since then, the management of the company has constantly faced tough competition from national and international service providers. Despite of tough competition, the company continues to earn lucrative income from the clients. The management of the company has proposed to introduce Vision 2020 which aims towards increasing the production activities for the clients. However, the involvement of the staffs of the company has been considered to be a challenge. The staffs of the company are not in the favour of accepting changes, especially the ones that has been proposed through Vision 2020. The role of the HRM for the company has been redefined, so as to find its importance in the development of the company. At present the staffs of Unitel are unhappy with the working hours and the pay structure that has been followed by the company. Many opine that the employees have to work for longer hours, and arent provided with enough benefits that would motivate the staffs. The relevance of better pay and incentives has been discussed as this would help in developing long term positive relationship with the staffs. The challenge involved with the process of introducing new corporate strategy has been analysed to find the issues faced by the management and the staffs of the company. This report also contains the analysis of the human resource practices that would help in determining the success of the corporate strategy that has been adopted by the company (Alonso, Wouter, and Matouschek, 2008). Role of HRM in executing the business strategy at Unitel To execute the business strategy at Unitel, human resource management should emerge the discipline of strategies properly. The HRM should be responsible for work force management in Unitel and should hire the right people for the right skills for the job and to develop the corporate goals and objectives. HRM should closely align with the mission and vision of the organization and the HR policies should remain effective to meet the employees requirements and to accomplish the goals successfully. They should meet the demands and get the sufficient opportunities to get trained and grow with the company. HRM will have to increase the real and perceived value. The role of HRM evolves with time and it has been the major importance to contribute to business decisions. The success of business depends upon the ability to meet the exact requirements and the credibility of the organization. The HR can offer high values to know the important factors that influence the business and responsiveness is the major changing needs of the organization. It should adopt the unique approach towards recruitment and should try to introduce retention strategy for business growth. There should have empowerment that involves objectives to meet all kinds of development. This will increase the contribution to business strategies and value that is composed to bring to the organization. HRM should capitalize the people through encouragement of learning and increasing skills to meet the goals. It will satisfy the customers to develop the intellectual capital. (Chauhan, 2013) With the evolution of HRM, Unitel can increase its competitive advantage. It aligns the strategies to become the essential part of the competitive advantage. People management is the primary asset that inspires an HR to become more effective with programs development. They can make contributions to strategy and strategic planning in different ways. Thus it implements the strategic plan of organization. The human resources will require the new paradigm for managing human resources in an organization. (Cooke, 2009) HR professionals need to encourage the competitive advantage to offer tools and techniques that improve the effectiveness through regular learning offers and opportunities. It supports the strategies that coordinate all functions and supports the strategies by attracting and retaining the employees. (Bal, 2011) The HR should evaluate and manage the environment of the climate and it should maintain the employee relationships. They should offer the relevant values in the organization and should offer the compensation in the organization. They should fully integrate the plans and policies and it analyzes the strategy to increase the competitive advantage. The aim of human resource is concerned in management with respect to strategic formulation process. It is important for organizational performance and for the skills of employees by managers and the involvement of human resource management to deal with organizational performance. It coordinates the HR activities to support the overall strategy and the major goal is to deal with superior work force to accomplish the task. HR should know the interest of the employees also and should implement the reasons to motivate them. They should develop benefits and skills to implement the programs. To control the successful large business involves developing, maintaining the broad range of assets. The proper establishment requires good workforce and HRM is the business function that focuses on people characteristics of the organization. It is responsible to ensure that the organization has right people to handle its overall business plan. Human resource is apprehensive with organizing and dealing with people in terms of work. With the day to day requirements, the training and development will assess staff presentation. The major part of HRM is staff planning and it contains the right people for the right position at the right time. Key issues related to introducing new corporate strategy Unitel Telecommunication Company has proposed to introduce a new strategy, which has been named as Vision 2020. The strategy aims to improve the quality of services that has been rendered to the clients. This would help in improving relationship with the clients, as it is expected to help the management to overpower the challenges that exists in the industry. Through this process, the company aims to improve upon the product delivery system that has been followed by the management until now. The proposed changes in terms of prompt services, reliable services, better information about the services, and others would improve the brand image of Unitel. For this, the management of the company has proposed to develop action and change teams for the organization. The teams would work towards developing possibility thinking, where the customers needs and preferences would be handled on a timely manner. The changes were accepted by the senior managers of the company, but many staffs were not happy with the proposal (Aw et al, 2008). The corporate strategy has been developed by the management of the Unitel to implement single innovative idea for the successful business conduct. Thus, it is essential to develop effective strategies through which the factors that can directly impact the strategy plan for the business can be analysed. In order to execute the plan, it is necessary to include the staffs into the decision making process. This will improve the quality of tasks that has been intended to be performed by the management of the company. At present the management has proposed to make the best use of the technology that would help in providing the best information to the clients. However, the involvement of staffs in the process to execute the proposed planned is quite an important factor. With the help of the qualified and efficient staffs, it is possible for the company to introduce deregulation policies that would be quite helpful in handling the financial markets. New corporate strategies are introduced wi th an intention of implementing flexible plan that would be useful in improving the business performance for the company. The managers along with the staffs of the company would be able to handle the tactical issues that can impact the performance of the employees (Bloom, Sadun, and Reenen, 2009). Some of the key issues that can impact the implementation of the better corporate strategy include - Involvement of the staffs for performing better in the company Analysing the challenges faced by the employees for executing the new plan Introducing better incentive pay structure that would encourage the staffs to improve the quality of performance for the company Describing the job, as this will help in recruiting new members. Encouraging team efforts (Bloom, Sadun, and Reenen, 2009). Such factors have to be analysed prior to introducing new plans for improving the quality of performance by the company. Potential solutions to the problem regarding introducing new corporate plan The introduction of the new strategy needs to be done after analysing the challenges involved in the same. The company can adopt matrix arrangement through which the economic factors related to the cost and quality would be maintained, by introducing flexible product line services. In this case, the delays and the differences that can impact the introduction of the project need to be analysed. The staffs of the company are not willing to adopt the changes, which are considered to be essential for the successful business implications. Such a factor can actually delay the process of implementing the changes that has been proposed to introduce for increasing the performance. The problem that existed with the company for introducing the task were Inability to accept the changes Follow single minded ability to perform tasks for performing different tasks (Bryson and Freeman, 2009). Not willing to share the views and challenges that were faced by the members In this case, it is essential to analyse the challenges that would impact the multiple process that was meant to be introduced by the company. So as to solve the problem, the company can adopt participative style of leadership. Through this method, it is possible to approach staffs from different departments. In order to encourage the employees to work better, the management can encourage the staffs to participate in the decision making process. Through this method it would be possible to analyse the challenges and work towards an effective solution. Motivation is another factor that impacts the performance of the staffs. It has been noted that the staffs of Unitel telecommunication are not happy with the working hours and the pay structure. Such factors can negatively impact the performance of the new strategy that has been drafted by the management. The better pay structure includes lucrative incentive plan to the best working employees and providing more benefits in terms of leaves and other perks. Recognising the best performing staffs also encourages others to improve the performance (Fenwick and Bierema, 2008). At present the strategic change has been viewed negatively by the company. In order to encourage the employees to accept the change, it is essential to communicate the relevance of the changes that has been proposed to be introduced by the company. Apart from this, the challenges that are expected to be faced by the members have to be discussed, as this will help in implementing the best changes that will benefit the company. Before introducing the changes, it is recommended to analyse the below mentioned factors Analyse the value of the services that has been rendered by the company Evaluate if there exists any bias system that can affect the performance Introduce changes that would provide customer driven services Develop and implement strategic driven management (Foster, Haltiwanger, and Syverson, 2009). Human resource practices The task associated with strategy adoption for increasing the performance of the staffs of the company to achieve the set task is quite challenging. In this process, the managers of the HR department are expected to implement effective strategies through which the challenges can be overpowered. The managers are expected to introduce better pay structures, as this will encourage the members to work better at the workplace. It also includes providing better incentives to the employees. Apart from the incentives, the company can also introduce perks that would benefit the staffs. It includes medical assistance, retirement benefits, and leave facilities (Griffith and Neely, 2009). Issue resolution methods have to be prompt and helpful to the staffs. This will help in improving the performance that is expected from the members. Problem associated with the pay, internal disputes, and overtime work can be effectively resolved by the managers. Change in the strategy for business performance will also include expectations setting. This is one of the most important factors, and the new rules can be discussed with the members. Such a step would help in winning the confidence of the staffs for the company. The expectations have to be set forth in writing as this will help the staffs in understanding the rules in the best possible manner (Guadalupe and Cunat, 2009). Involvement of the management in the problem solving method would encourage the staffs to discuss the issue promptly. Every issue regardless of the nature needs to be handled in the right manner. This will help in improving the performance of the staffs. Recommendations The changes expected by the management after analysing the below mentioned recommendations - Introduce effective communication method with the staffs Analyse the severity of the problem that is associated with the introduction of the plan Draft positive plans for the staffs, as this will encourage in adopting the changes Implement the changes after analysing the challenges that can directly impact the business performance Analyse the reasons for introducing the changes Conclusion Change management is quite important for the successful business performance. It is important to analyse the factors that can directly impact the performance of the company. The changes have to be introduced after consulting with the staffs of the company. This will help in improving the quality of performance that has been planned to be introduced by the management. It is necessary to include the staffs into the decision making process. This will help in increasing the performance and help the management to yield the expected results. The changes have to be introduced after analysing the challenges that can impact the performance of the company. Introducing new strategies can directly impact the business performance. This is one of the reasons, it is recommended to adopt the best strategies through which the changes can be implemented within the company. The role of the human resource department cannot be overlooked for a fact that the managers encourage the staffs to accept the cha nges and improve the quality of the performance for the company. (King Marks, 2008) References Alonso R, Wouter D, and Matouschek N, 2008. When Does Coordination Require Centralization?, American Economic Review, 98(1), 145-179. Aw B, Yan M, Roberts J, and Xu D, 2008. RD Investments, Exporting, and the Evolution of Firm Productivity, American Economic Review, 98(2), 451-456. Bloom N, Sadun R, and Reenen J, 2009. The Organization of Firms Across Countries, Centre for Economic Performance Discussion Paper No 937. Bloom N, Garicano L, Sadun R, and Reenen J, 2009. The Distinct Effects of Information Technology and Communication Technology on Firm Organization, Centre for Economic Performance Discussion Paper No. 927. Bryson A and Freeman R, 2009. Work and Wellbeing, National Institute Economic Review, 209, 70-71. Fenwick T, and Bierema L2008. Corporate Social Responsibility: Issues for Human Resource Development Professionals, International Journal of training and Development, Vol. 12(1). Foster L, Haltiwanger J, and Syverson C, 2009. Reallocation, Firm Turnover and Efficiency: Selection on Productivity or Profitability, American Economic Review, 98(1), 394- 425. Griffith Rand Neely A, 2009. Incentives and Managerial Experience in Multi-task Teams: Evidence from Within a Firm, Journal of Labor Economics, 27(1), 49-82. Guadalupe M and Cunat V, 2009. Executive Compensation and Competition in the Banking and Financial Sectors, Journal of Banking and Finance, 33, 439-474. Jorgenson D, Mun H, and Stiroh K, 2008. A Retrospective Look at the US Productivity Growth Resurgence, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(1), 3-24. Keane M, and Feinberg S, 2008. Advances in logistics and the growth of intra-firm trade: The case of Canadian Affiliates of US multinationals Journal of Industrial Economics, LV(4) 571-632. King W, and Marks V, 2008. . Motivating knowledge sharing through a knowledge management system, Omega 36, 2008, pp. 131-146. Lavy V, 2009. Performance Pay and Teachers Effort, Productivity and Grading ethics, American Economic Review, 99(5) 1979-2011. Mas A, and Moretti E, 2008. Peers at Work, American Economic Review, 99(1), 112- 145. Xavier V, 2008. Innovation and Competitive Pressure Journal of Industrial Economics, 56(3), 419-469.